Trace the history of television and video—from notable innovations and inventions to cycles of proliferation and obsolescence—and witness its cultural influence in the region and the rest of the world.
A more detailed timeline is available in the See Me, See You: Early Video Installation of Southeast Asia exhibition catalogue, which is available for purchase at the National Gallery Singapore museum shop, the Gallery Store by Abry.
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1925
Scottish inventor John Logie Baird began public demonstrations of the earliest versions of the television (TV) system and earned a licence for experimental broadcasts.
1927
American nineteen-year-old amateur Philo T. Farnsworth patented his invention, later called the Image Dissector, an electron tube, which would be used for imaging for TV systems. Japanese inventor Kenjiro Tahayanagi achieved TV laboratory transmissions.
1929
John Logie Baird began TV transmissions with the BBC on 30 September 1929 and in the following March was the first to use two transmitters to broadcast synchronous sound and vision. "In the US, Russian-American inventor Vladimir K. Zworykin patented a new cathode-ray tube, later known as the Kinescope, which made television practical for home use by producing a picture viewable under moderate light.
1931
Zworykin and his research team at the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) developed the Iconoscope, a camera tube that uses high-velocity electron beams to produce better picture quality. The information was publicly disclosed in 1933.
1935
Germany began the first regular TV service in the world in March 1935.
1944
Baird gave a demonstration of the Telechrome, the world's first colour television, on 16 August 1944.
1946
RCA introduced the image orthicon tube, which produces a sharper television image.
[Philippines] A professor demonstrated the first successful home-receiving TV set in February 1950 at the University of Santo Tomas.
1950
[Philippines] Feati University opened the first experimental station in the Philippines.
1952
[Philippines] Commercial TV arrived in the Philippines when the first station, DZAQ-TV Channel 3, was opened by Alto Broadcasting System in Manila. High import duties made television sets prohibitively expensive, limiting access in the early years.
1953
1954
Regular colour TV transmission and sale of colour TV sets to the public in the USA began.
1956
Ampex Corporation introduced its first video magnetic tape recorder, the Ampex VRX-1000 or Mark IV, revolutionising professional television, which previously relied on live programming for transmission.
[Philippines] Foreign television programmes were expensive to purchase in the Philippines but cheaper to air than producing local programmes. In 1959, airing a half-hour imported programme cost US $125 to US $150 (approx. US $1,300–US $1,600 today) while producing a half-hour local programme cost PHP 2,000, equivalent to US $1,000 based on the exchange rate at that time.
1959
[Singapore] After years of planning, debate and discussion, the Singapore Government confirmed in May 1960 that television will be introduced to the country. The following year, they announced a SG $5.9 million budget for a single-channel television station with a film unit. The government saw television’s potential to educate and to cultivate Malayan culture.
[Malaysia] On 16 March 1960, a committee in the cabinet of Malaysia was formed to study the introduction of TV and related issues arising from the initiation of TV service.
1960
Japan began colour television transmission, making it the first country in Asia to introduce colour television.
[Indonesia] Indonesia’s first TV station, Televisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI), was founded. It televised the Fourth Asian Games held in Jakarta in 1962. TVRI would hold monopoly on TV in Indonesia as its only TV channel until the introduction of private TV in 1987.
1962
[Singapore] Television services debuted on 15 February 1963 in Singapore, featuring black-and-white transmission by Radio Singapore (later Radio Television Singapore) with the aid of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The first TV service had two free-to-air channels: Channel 5, which televised English and Malay programmes, and Channel 8, which featured Mandarin and Tamil programmes.
[Malaysia] Talivishen Malaysia (Television Malaysia) was launched on 28 December 1963 with one network operating from a temporary studio at the Dewan Tuanku Abdul Rahman in Kuala Lumpur. For the first few years, it broadcasted only black-and-white programmes.
1963
[Malaysia] More than 28,000 TV sets were licensed. The number of sets registered climbed by about 26,000 yearly, reaching a total of 150,000 by 1969.
1964
1965
The Japanese technology company Sony released the CV-2000 “videocorder,” the first portable video recording system.
[Philippines] TV continued to grow in the Philippines despite high prices during the 1960s and early 1970s. By 1966, there were 18 privately owned TV channels in the country with a viewership of more than one million during peak viewing hours.
1966
[Philippines] Radiowealth Inc pioneered in the production of 19-, 21- and 25-inch models of colour TVs.
[Thailand] Bangkok Broadcasting Channel 7 began to broadcast in colour.
1967
The Sony DV-2400 Video Rover—or “Portapak”—became the first genuinely portable video tape recording system. Portapaks became popular amongst news agencies as well as counter-cultural movements and artists such as Nam June Paik.
1969
Hitachi released the first 19-inch all-transistor colour TV set, which uses transistors instead of cathode-ray tubes.
[Malaysia] Malaysia’s first satellite earth station in Kuantan was built, enabling the country to receive and send direct broadcast programmes via satellite.
[Thailand] Thai television Channel 3 officially began operating on 15 March 1970.
1970
A new international standard for half-inch videotape for video tape recorders enabled compatibility across manufacturers’ portable video equipment, accelerating competition between manufacturers and leading to greater circulation and exchange of tapes.
[Indonesia] Statistics indicate that 212,590 television sets were registered in Indonesia, with 95% located within Java.
1971
Sony introduced their first video cassette format, the U-matic, which utilises a ¾ inch tape and a helical video head drum. It became a standard format for professional use in institutions and the television industry.
[Indonesia] Video was introduced in Indonesia and became a popular luxury item for the Indonesian urban middle class in the mid-1980s until the early 1990s.
[Singapore] Singapore had its first live colour TV transmission during the World Cup soccer finals on 7 July 1974. Four years later, colour programmes constituted 85% of all programmes.
[Thailand] The Thai government established the National Broadcasting and Executive Board to license and monitor transmission and programming. It became the main censorship body for broadcast content.
1974
1975
Sony released the Betamax video tape and video tape recorder SL-7300 in Japan. The Betamax tape, which can record one hour of video, is smaller and cheaper than U-matic video tape and is meant for domestic use.
[Indonesia] The Indonesian domestic broadcast satellite Palapa was launched to bring TV to all Indonesian islands. Palapa made television programming accessible outside of metropolitan Jakarta, extending its outreach to rural Indonesians.
1976
Victor Company of Japan (JVC) introduced the video home system (VHS), utilising video cassette tapes slightly larger than Sony’s Betamax and with a 2-hour recording capacity, which improves to 4 hours by the following year. Even though Betamax increased its recording capacity in response, the VHS format dominated over Betamax tape globally in the ensuing years.
[Malaysia] Television Malaysia began broadcasting colour programmes on 28 December 1978.
1978
Philips launched the videodisc, also known as LaserDisc, onto the market. The 12-inch optical disc uses analogue signals for storing information.
[Malaysia] 720,000 households owned TV sets in 1979, increasing from 28,000 households in 1964.
[Singapore] In the late 1970s, demand for video supported a rental industry in Singapore, leading to the establishment of video clubs where the public can borrow cassettes.
[Thailand] By the late 1970s, black-and-white televisions became increasingly common in Thai households, following a national development initiative that extended the availability of electricity throughout the country.
1979
[Indonesia] The number of TV sets grew sixfold in Indonesia in the 1980s. During the same period, more Indonesians were watching television regularly than reading newspapers or magazines or listening to the radio.
[Thailand] Television became the dominant news medium in Thailand.
1980
[Indonesia] On 5 January, President Suharto decreed the abolishment of all television commercials in Indonesia, effective 1 April that year. This was largely due to concerns about advertisements for foreign goods changing the consumption habits of rural Indonesians.
[Malaysia] An estimated 165,000 VCR units were present in Malaysian households, about 15% of all households with TVs.
[Singapore] VCRs were popular in Singapore, where they were available at attractive duty-free prices.
1981
[Indonesia] In a survey, a little less than 30% in Indonesia had installed television sets, even in areas where television is not expected to reach and where high antennae are required. The majority of television set owners belonged to higher economic and educational levels. By 1982, there were as many as 21,543 community public television sets for use in villages. Those of lower income and educational levels could access television either by watching public sets or visiting the home of a neighbour who owns a unit.
1982
In 1982, Sony introduced a professional camera, the Betacam, which was both a camera and a recorder (or camcorder).
The Compact Disc (CD), a disc measuring just 4.75 inches, was launched.
[Indonesia] In Indonesia, almost 3 million television sets were recorded, reaching an estimated 95.5 million people or 64% of the population.
Palapa’s successor, the more powerful Generation B Palapa, was launched. The Jakarta headquarters of TVRI annually determines programming for all its regional stations.
[Singapore] In Singapore, 62.7% of homes with televisions also owned VCRs, one of the highest penetration rates in the world.
1983
[Malaysia] According to the Asian Wall Street Journal, Malaysian surveys found that the ratio of VCRs to TV receivers near the capital city of Kuala Lumpur was the "highest in the world."
[Thailand] Nine out of ten households in Thailand had at least one television set. Ownership of colour televisions was prevalent amongst urban Thai populations in Southern Thailand (58%), Bangkok (54%), Northeast (49%), central plain (47%), and the North (43%).
1984
The idea of using CDs with computers received its first substantial push when Sony and Philips both suggested standardised organisational structures for the use of CDs with textual and graphic data.
[Philippines] A study by the Philippine Information Agency found that television ownership in the country in 1985 was at just 30% but the number jumped to 78% penetration rate in Metro Manila. Rural households were also acquiring televisions at a faster rate than their city counterparts.
[Thailand] The videocassette recorder became a status good in Thailand and began to compete with broadcast television.
1985
Amstrad developed the first low-budget camcorder, the VMC 100, which cost $400 (equivalent to US $1,100 in 2023) and weighed less than 2 pounds.
The Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) was developed and launched. It has a storage capacity of 650–700MB, or approximately 250,000 typed A4 pages.
[Thailand] By the mid-1980s, there were nine television stations broadcasting in colour in Thailand and the number of television sets exceeded more than three million.
1986
Bosch-Fernseh and Sony offered the first commercially available digital video recorders, the D-1 format.
[Indonesia] The Indonesian Ministry of Information granted permission for the first public station, Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia (RCTI), to begin broadcasting, ending the state-controlled TVRI’s monopoly over Indonesian television.
[Singapore] According to Survey Research Singapore, Singapore maintained world leadership in VCR ownership (excluding Arab countries in the Middle East), with 75% of all homes having a registered VCR.
1987
RCA demonstrated Digital Video Interactive (DVI), its technology for full-motion video on CD-ROM to bring video to personal computers.
[Thailand] Pay-TV was introduced in Thailand by the International Broadcasting Corporation of Shinawatra Group.
1989
Sharp Corporation launched the first Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projector to the market.
[Indonesia] By 1990, the VCR ceased to be a luxury item in Indonesia. Units could be purchased in Jakarta at a cost comparable to that of discount centres in Singapore and Malaysia.
1990
[Thailand] Proponents of the democracy movement in Thailand made handheld video camcorder recordings of brutal military and police action against protestors in Bangkok in May 1992. This footage was edited together with British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) that was captured off Star satellite, and sold on video cassettes, subverting blanket media bans imposed by the government.
1992
1994
Sony introduced the first all-digital Betacam camcorder, the DVW-700, intended for professional use.
[Indonesia] Digital video (DV) cameras were available in the Indonesian market at relatively low prices by manufacturers such as Sony, JVC and Panasonic, among others.
[Thailand] Thailand’s first privately owned television station, Independent Television (iTV), was set up in response to the outcry over excessive state media control during the Bloody May protests of 1992.
1995
The first digital camcorders for the consumer market were introduced.
[Malaysia] From 720,000 households in 1979, the number of households owning TV sets increased to just under two million in 1996.
[Philippines] VCDs were exhibited at an appliance fair in the Philippines and pirated VCDs become available in the local market.
1996
The first Digital Light Processing (DLP) projectors became available on the market with a 640 × 480 resolution. Home theatre models utilising these projectors were launched by the end of the year.
[Indonesia] Video consumption shifted to VCD in Indonesia around this time. DVDs were launched in the country the same year.
1997
Fujitsu launched the world’s first commercial large flat-screen television utilising plasma-display panel technology.
1998
The Moving Pictures Experts Group finalised MPEG-4, a new video compression standard for multimedia use and online infrastructures. The first digital high-definition television sets by global manufacturers of consumer electronics went on sale with the cheapest ones priced at US $8,000 (US $14,900 in 2023).
[Philippines] Equipment for digital filmmaking like the DV-8 and the Mini-DVs became cheaper in the Philippines in the late 1990s, making filmmaking more accessible to people who wanted to make their own films.
1999s
In Japan, the world’s first mobile phone with camera, the Kyocera Visual Phone VP-210, was launched.
[Indonesia] Video consumption and distribution in Indonesia shifted from VCD to DVD.
2003
2005
YouTube, a free video sharing online platform, was launched and became a popular site for video distribution.
2007
After years of providing mail-order DVD rentals in the US, Netflix introduced online video streaming service to subscribers.
2009
Analogue broadcasting for television ended in the US as the US transitioned to digital television. People with cathode-ray tube TVs needed to purchase a digital converter box or subscribe to cable/satellite television to keep using their existing sets.
Apple launched its latest mobile phone product, the iPhone 3G S, the first iPhone with video capability.